Units of pressure

In this unit we are going to have to make a lot of conversions especially for pressure. There are a variety of ways to measure pressure!
 
http://www.peter-entner.com/e/theory/MassB/img-MassB-2/Tab-ConversionFactorsPressure.png

An example of a conversion is:
Convert 1 Pa to Atm and the answer would be 9.8692 X 10^-6 atm.

Here are some more examples and help:
Link 1
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Avagadro's Law

Avagadro's Law portrays the relationship between moles and volume. Through his law we can see that when the moles increase the volume increases and what the moles decrease the volume decreases making this relationship proportional.
*Make sure to keep temperature and pressure constant
*Another important thing to remember is Avagadro's number: 6.02 X 10^23
Here is the equation you use to find the amount of moles in a gas:

http://thescienceclassroom.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Avogadros-Law.png

Also here is a link that might help!

Charles Law

Charles law explains the relationship between temperature and volume. Through this law we are able to see that temperature and volume have a proportional relationship meaning as one increase the other increase and vise versa. We can see this in the following equation:

http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/heat/images/charleslawformula.png

With each of these new laws we must make sure everything else is held at a constant. For example, for Charles law you need to ensure that pressure is kept constant.

Here is a video to help with Charles law!

Boyles law

Boyles law tells us the relationship between pressure and volume:

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=boyle%27s+law&view=detailv2&&id=CC67E449716DD8B7BCA8CB62E060041963FBFF9E&selectedIndex=0&ccid=5AyfQEtf&simid=608030918989187908&thid=OIP.Me40c9f404b5fda775db0d2739803922bH0&ajaxhist=0

In this law we see that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other. We can also see this is the equation:

http://www.oneschool.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/heat/images/boyleslawformula.png

Here is a video of Boyle's Law!

Phases changes and Heat/Cooling Curves

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Water_Phase_Change_Diagram.png
This graph shows different phase changes
Here is a link to help!
Here is a link to help!



http://cheller.phy.georgiasouthern.edu/gears/Units/4-Life/SETI/TerraformMarsEdited/TerraformMars/TerraformMars/waterphase.png
 This second diagram is a Phase diagram it shows a representation of the states of a substance in relation to temperature and pressure. Major things you need to look for on this graph is the triple point, critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical point
Here is a link to help!

Calculating Heat

To calculate heat you need to use the formula:
Example:


Here are some links that help with specific heat:
Link 1
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Link 3

Putt-putt boats

This is one project I very much enjoyed! Durin this project we made putt putt boats using the fuel and boats we made in class! We ended up racing our boats and my partner and mines boat ended up going the fastest! We made our boat out of a half and half container and the motor we were given in class. Here is what the motor looked like:

http://freepdfplans.de.vu/pdfboatplans/wp-content/upload/2014/01/boat/how-to-make-a-putt-putt-boat-engine.jpg

Here are some examples on how to make a putt putt boat
Link 1
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Link 3

More information about Biodiesel!

Biodiesel is a great replacement for any diesel engine! it reduces lifecycle greenhouse gases by 86%. It also lowers particulate matter by 47%, reducing the smog in the air making it healthier to breathe. Biodiesel reduces hydrocarbon emission by 67 percent! It is made out of agricultural products such as soybean oil and supports over 30,000 green jobs.
Link 1
Link 2

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/BiodieselCycle.jpg


http://www.sebamex.com.mx/images/biodiesel1.jpg

http://www.aa1car.com/blog/biodiesel_logo.jpg

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable resource used as a alternative fuel. It is cleaner and healthier for our environment! Since we have been learning about this in class we all made videos for the American Lung Association! Here is our video!

Review

For some reason I find this section somewhat difficult so here are some links and pictures that are helpful for upcoming tests and quizzes:
link 1
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Link 4
Link 5
Link 6

Resonance structures:

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=resonance+structures&view=detailv2&&id=81E025849CBF0FDE305E8A03526962227655F3B4&selectedIndex=3&ccid=bnEqy78k&simid=608008099822436972&thid=OIP.M6e712acbbf2418f2b31de5566094fe52H0&ajaxhist=0

Molecular Geometry

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=molecular+geometry+worksheet&view=detailv2&&id=A946226728D04819EF7B4CE0EC39274ACC64553A&selectedIndex=9&ccid=LZNZmqOv&simid=607992204159683219&thid=OIP.M2d93599aa3afce58c7cdac39bcbc904aH0&ajaxhist=0

Shapes of Molecules

This week we also learned about molecular shapes. These include Tetrahedral, Trigonal Pyramidal, Bent, Linear, Trigonal Planar. The shape determines the function of it meaning that the way the molecules arrange themselves in space depends on the number of lone pairs and bonded entities. The shape will also determine polarity.
Here are some examples of shapes:

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=molecular+shape+chart&view=detailv2&&id=1F27BAECE49E49D75097962838F0EFD95DF59820&selectedIndex=1&ccid=THLtQqiw&simid=608045835411458256&thid=OIP.M4c72ed42a8b007fe71eb9201118abcc6H0&ajaxhist=0

Lewis Dot Structures

This week we learned about Lewis Dot Structures. It is defined as a structural representation of a given molecule where the dots show electron position and the lines show covalent bonds between atoms. The guidelines for drawing these structures are as followed:
1. Calculate the total number of valence electrons by adding all of the valence electrons for each atom in the molecule. (this is found on the periodic table)
2. Divide the total valence electrons by 2 to find the number of electron pairs in the molecule
3. Surround the central atom with 4 electron pairs. Use the remaining electron pairs to complete the octet around the other atoms. The only exception is hydrogen which only needs two
4. Electron pairs that are shared by atoms are called bonding electrons. the others are called lone pairs
5. If there are not enough electron pairs to provide each atom with an octet, move a nonbonding electron pair between two atoms that already share an electron pair.
Here are some examples:

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=lewis+dot+structure+definition&view=detailv2&&id=2393BE262F3E574647B31DD05A497CC331C3CA05&selectedIndex=3&ccid=fKc8lRi5&simid=608023991200190055&thid=OIP.M7ca73c9518b96ad167585a918c0903a4H0&ajaxhist=0

Unit Test Reflection

The test was 50 questions. I appreciate this because even if you miss a couple it wont hurt your grade too much. I didn't do to well on the quiz but I came in for help before school and did all of the online tests as well as the worksheets. I believe I did okay on it but there are still some concepts I can improve on such as periodic trends like electron affinity. Also here are some links that were helpful:
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
Video 4
Video 5
 Flashcards 6
   

Quantum Numbers

The rules for Quantum Numbers are as followed:
1. Principle Quantum Number: (n) this is the principle energy level
2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number: (l) this number determines the type of sublevel. The numbers are 0,1,2,3 for s,p,d,f
3. The Magnetic Quantum Number: (m1) this number runs from -1 to +1: whatever orbital you are in
4. The Spin Quantum Number: (ms) This is +1/2 for the first electron in an orbital and -1/2 for the second electron in an orbital

This concept may seem difficult but after going over it multiple times it got easier here are some examples below:
Determine the electron for the following set of quantum numbers.
- 3,2,0,-1/2: 3d^8
- 2,1,1,1/2: 2p^3
Or assign the quantum numbers for each electron below:
- 1s^1: (1,0,0,+1/2)
-1s^3: Does not exist

Periodic Table Activity

During class this week we were given a blank periodic table and a bunch of elements we had never seen before. Then for each of the elements we were given the density, reactivity series, and ionization energy. After we were given all of this information we were told to fill in the periodic table. Although challenging I really enjoyed this project. It was like one big puzzle we had to fill in! 

Quiz

We took the quiz just recently and many people thought they did very well. I on the contrary did not feel that great about it. I had missed a very big lesson earlier in the week and since then I have not felt very good about the topic. Hopefully I will become more confident about it when the test rolls around.

Spectrometer Lab

During this lab we used a spectrometer to test how different wavelengths of light were transmitted and absorbed for different chemicals. I was really confused what we were trying to figure out during this lab but once going over the lab I have a general understanding on how it connects to what we are learning. Also during this lab my lab partner and I had some trouble finishing it in time because you had to collect a lot of data but luckily we were able to finish and get good data.

Flame test lab

Today we completed the flame test lab. It was interesting how we were able to calculate the wavelengths of each of the substance by just knowing what color they turned when heated in a flame!

Reflection

After taking the unit test I do not believe the chapter was as hard as it said it would be. After putting a lot of effort into studying and memorizing everything the chapter I believe it came easier to me than the last chapter did. Supposedly we are now on the down hill slope of how hard the chapters will be so hopefully my grade will start to gradually raise. Also the labs this chapter really helped me raise my grade and have a better understanding of the topic.

Unit Exam

Today we took our unit exam. I believe I put in a lot of effort and did a decent job on the test. In order to actually know what I was doing on the test I had to take extra notes, do all the online packets, do the bookwork, and take the online tests. I also worked with a study group and went in before school for extra help. If I do not get a decent grade on this test there is not much more I could have done.

%Acetic Acid in Vinegar Titration Lab

This week we worked on the %Acetic Acid in Vinegar Titration Lab. I found it to be very interesting and fun/challenging. The difficult part of this lab was not getting the sample too pink. My lab partner and I were able to almost perfect our data in this lab by being very careful. Here are some pictures and videos of our lab.

Weekly Quiz

Today we took the weekly quiz I didn't think it was that difficult but I think I could have made some small mistakes. My notes really helped during this quiz as well as bookwork and online practice problems. Memorizing the pH square made also made the quiz feel very simple. Here are some links that may also help:
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
Video 4
Link 1
Link 2    

pH and pOH

To determine the pH of a solution or the pOH of a solution, you have to know the {H+} concentration or the {OH-} concentration. In order to know how to do this we have to memorize this square

https://strehl-chemistry.wikispaces.com/file/view/Strehl_Square.png/111087617/Strehl_Square.png

An example question one might see includes:
What is the pH of a solution that is 12.5 M HCL?
pH= -log{H+}
     = -log{12.5}
     = -1.097

Acid and Bases

Most of us have learned about acids and bases. We have learned that acids and bases have distinct physical properties. Acids taste sour and feel sticky while bases taste bitter and feel slippery. Most of us also know that acids turn litmus paper red with a pH of 0-6.9 while bases turn litmus paper blue and have a pH of 7.1-14. But there are also many different definitions of acids and bases. In the Arrhenius definition of and acid and a base, acids produce hydrogen ions in a solution while bases produce hydroxide ions in a solution. In the Bronsted-Lowery definition acids donate a proton while bases accept a proton.

Night Before the Unit Test

I feel fairly confident on my abilities to do well on this test. After looking back on my quiz I realized I made mistakes that could have been avoided if I had read the questions more closely. For this test I looked over my last quiz, did all of the online worksheets, read the book, and watched some videos. some links that helped me included:
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
 Molarity Practice Problems
What is a Solution?
Saturated, Supersaturated, and Unsaturated

Quizzes

After getting our quizzes back i was very disappointed with my score. When looking back over it i realized i had made careless mistakes. I felt like i understood the things we were learning in class but once i got to the quiz i learned that there were a couple things i definitely need to review before the unit test.

Here are some pictures of concepts that might be helpful for the unit test:

What is molarity:

http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/equation-molarity.jpg

Steps to finding molarity:

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/section_12/98b90bf53c6948bc1dbe6873793741b9.jpg


http://www.chem.sc.edu/goode/oldC112web/ch12nf/img057.JPG

Mass percentage

Mass percentage is = the mass of A in the solution/ the total mass of the solution X 100.

When doing these kinds of problems you have to be aware that substance A is your solute while your solution is the mass of the solute + the mass of the solvent. An example question of this is: What mass of water must be added to 425 grams of formaldehyde to prepare 40.0% (by mass) solution of formaldehyde? 

To solve this problem you would set up the equation like this: .400= 425g./(425g + Xg) this then becomes 170+ .400X=425 this means that X would equal 638g H2O 

Another example:

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch3-140221122959-phpapp01/95/ch-34-law-of-definite-proportions-11-12-8-638.jpg?cb=1392985833

Solution Composition

Solutions are defined as a mixture with a solute and solvent. The solvent is the substance that is there in the largest quantity for example in Kool-Aid the solvent is the water used to make it. Then the solute is what you put into the solvent. In the Kool-Aid example the solute is the sugar. You can define a solution in three categories: unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. The picture below explains these three concepts:

http://i.imgur.com/UoOSZuN.jpg